New evidence on Caribbean coral reef decline has Memorial connection

Dr. Evan Edinger, an associate professor in the Department of Geography at Memorial, is a key researcher in a coral reef study published in the latest edition of Nature Communications.

Seven coral reef scientists from six countries met in 2010 to devise and test a non-destructive methodology for measuring carbonate budgets on coral reefs. They all contributed to the methodology discussions and trials, and to the field data collection and analysis. Dr. Edinger’s speciality within the project was measuring internal bioerosion, that is, the effect of animals (like sponges) that break down the reef by excavating holes inside coral skeletons.

The new evidence reveals that many Caribbean coral reefs have either stopped growing or are on the threshold of starting to erode, according to the study.

“The really big significance of our work is that it translates the short-term ecological changes we have seen on Caribbean coral reefs into the long-term geomorphic and geological consequences,” explained Dr. Edinger. “It's like your bank account -- you would like it to be in the black every year, and even if you're in the red the odd year here and there, you'll still be okay. But if you run a deficit every year, you'll soon be bankrupt. Caribbean coral reefs have declined pretty close to the threshold value for coral cover that our analyses identify as the break-even point. And a lot of Caribbean coral reefs -- maybe half of them -- have been at or below that threshold value for the past 25-30 years. That means trouble.”

Coral reefs form some of the planet’s most biologically diverse ecosystems, and provide valuable services to humans and wildlife. However, their ability to maintain their structures and continue to grow depends on the balance between the addition of new carbonate, which is mostly produced by corals themselves, set against the loss of carbonate through various erosional processes. Scientists have long known that reef ecosystems are in decline and that the amount of live coral on reefs is dwindling. But the paper, published on Jan. 29, is the first evidence that these ecological changes are now also impacting on the growth potential of reefs themselves.  

“Our estimates of current rates of reef growth in the Caribbean are extremely alarming," said Professor Chris Perry of the University of Exeter, who led the research. "Our study goes beyond only examining how much coral there is, to also look at the delicate balance of biological factors which determine whether coral reefs will continue to grow or will erode. Our findings clearly show that recent ecological declines are now suppressing the growth potential of reefs in the region, and that this will have major implications for their ability to respond positively to future sea level rises.

“It is most concerning that many coral reefs across the Caribbean have seemingly lost their capacity to produce enough carbonate to continue growing vertically, whilst others are already at a threshold where they may start to erode. At the moment there is limited evidence of large-scale erosion or loss of actual reef structure, but clearly if these trends continue, reef erosion looks far more likely. Urgent action to improve management of reef habitats and to limit global temperature increases is likely to be critical to reduce further deterioration of reef habitat.”

The team was funded by the Leverhulme Trust (UK), through an International Research Network Grant. As well as Dr. Edinger from Memorial and Dr. Perry from the University of Exeter, the project included scientists from James Cook University and the University of Queensland in Australia, the University of Auckland, New Zealand, and the University of Maine, United States. They examined rates of carbonate production across 19 reefs in the four Caribbean countries of the Bahamas, Belize, Bonaire and Grand Cayman.

They discovered that declines in rates of carbonate production were especially evident in shallow water habitats, where many fast-growing branching coral species have been lost. The study compared modern day rates with those measured in the region over approximately the last 7,000 years. In key habitats around the Caribbean, the findings suggested that in waters of around five metres in depth, reef growth rates are now reduced by 60-70 per cent compared to the regional averages taken from historical records. In waters of around 10 metres in depth, the rates are reduced by 25 per cent.

The study also suggests that these key habitats must have a minimum of around 10 per cent living coral cover to maintain their current structures. The amount of cover varies between sites, but some are already below this threshold and are therefore at risk of starting to erode. Given that previous studies have shown that coral cover on reefs in the Caribbean has declined by an average of 80 per cent since the 1970s, this raises alarm bells for the future state of reefs in the region. These changes have been driven by human disturbance, disease and rising sea temperatures, and are only expected to intensify as a result of future climate change.